Types of Lubrication system

There are various types of lubrication system for lubricating the automobile engines.
  1. Petroil system.
  2. Splash system.
  3. Pressure system.
  4. Wet sump system.
  5. Dry sump system.
  6. Semi pressure system.
Petroil Lubrication. This system of lubrication is generally adopted in two stroke petrol engines, like scooters and motorcycles. It is the simplest form of lubricating system. The lubricating oil is mixed into the petrol itself while filling in the petrol tank of the vehicle, in a specified ratio. The amount of oil to be added is quoted in relevant publications, but it is usually about one part of oil to ten part of gasoline by volume. When the fuel goes into the crank chamber during the engine operation, the oil particles go deep into the bearing surfaces and lubricate them. The piston ring, cylinder walls, piston pin are lubricated in the same way. The main disadvantage of this system is that, if the engine is allowed to remain unused for a considerable time, the lubricating oil gets separated from petrol leads to clogging of passage in the carburetor, and results into starting trouble.

Splash Lubrication. In this system of lubrication, the lubricating oil is stored in an oil trough or sump. A scoop or dipper is made in the lowest part of connecting rod. When the engine runs, the dipper dips in the oil once in every revolution of the crankshaft and causes the oil to splash on the cylinder walls.
Splash Lubrication System
This action effects the lubrication of the engine cylinder walls, piston pin, piston rings, crankshaft bearings and big end bearings. Splash system mostly works in connection with pressure system in an engine, some parts being lubricated by splash system and other by pressure system. However, this types of lubrication system is not suitable for high efficiency engines, because at starting and until the oil get warmed, some working part have to starve of lubricant.

Pressure Lubrication. There are two main systems, which uses a pump to force oil under pressure to the bearing surfaces. They are wet sump and dry sump system.

Wet Sump Lubrication System. In this system of lubrication, engine parts are lubricated under pressure feed. The oil is stored in crankcase or sump and is maintained at a certain level to ensure an adequate supply to pump. The oil pump is usually submerged and driven by camshaft. Oil pump takes oil through a strainer and delivers it through a filter to main oil gallery at a pressure of 2-4 kg/cm 2. The oil from main oil gallery goes to main bearing and through the holes in crankshaft webs, to crankpins, from here it passes through holes to lubricate the big-end bearings.
Wet Sump Lubrication
Oil escaping from bearings in the form of mist or spray, lubricates the cylinder bores, pistons, piston rings, gudgeon pins and small end bearings before falling back to sump. The camshaft may be either pressure or splash lubricated. The timing gear also may be pressure or splash lubricated. The valve tappets are lubricated by connecting main oil gallery to the tappet guide surfaces through drilled holes. To prevent excessive pressure building up in system, an oil pressure relief valve is incorporated, which permits excess oil to by-pass the system. This pressure relief valve can be adjusted by varying pressure of its spring. An oil pressure gauge at instrument panel indicates the oil pressure in system.

Dry Sump System. The system in which lubricating oil is not kept in oil sump is known as dry sump system. In this system, the oil is carried in a separate tank, which aids cooling. Oil from the tank is fed to engine by a pressure pump. The oil from sump is sent back to the oil tank by a separate delivery pump, known as scavenge pump. This scavenge pump usually has a capacity of one third greater than that of pressure pump. An oil cooler is incorporated between sump and oil tank line to cool the oil. The main advantage of this system is that, there is no chance of break down the oil supply during up and down movement of vehicle. The size of the sump can be smaller than that required for an engine operating on wet sump system.
Diagram of Dry Sump Lubrication
Semi Pressure System. It is the combination of splash system and pressure system. Some parts are lubricated by splash system and some parts by pressure system. Almost all four-stroke engines are lubricated by this system.

9 comments:

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